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This acute, often fatal disease is caused by a germ toxin (exotoxin) produced in any closed wound by the organism Clostridium tetani. Tetanus is characterized by sudden rigidity and convulsive spasms of the skeletal muscles. The tetanus bacillus grows anaerobically, that is, in a wound where oxygen is excluded. For this reason puncture wounds are often a source of tetanus infection. Gun shot wounds and animal bites also have been suspect, as well as lacerations that are sutured without adequate cleansing.

Supportive measures, usually in a hospital, are important to effect recovery from tetanus. Hot packs to relax the muscle spasm, adequate care of wounds and the simple but effective toxoid vaccination can give protection. Vaccinations should be boosted every 10 years. In cases of an acute open wound, which appears contaminated, the human tetanus antitoxin should be given along with a tetanus toxoid vaccination to passively protect the individual from illness during early convalescence.

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